Mzee Karyabwite Aragoreka Amateka ( Azarias Ngendahimana)

Amateka agaragaza ko Umwami Rudahigwa yaharaniraga guteza imbere umuco karande w’igihugu, ariko ko atifuzaga gihake! Ibitekerezo by’Abalunari bikidukurikirana ababikwirakwiza baba babikomorahe he?

Nitwa Azarias Ngendahimana. Navukiye  i Gitarama/Kabgayi muli 1942. Ibyo mvuga hasi hano ni ibyo niboneye n’amaso yanjye, si amabwire.

Mu kiganiro giherutse guhita ku rubuga  “le mediateur –umuhuza”, cyitwa ngo “Mzee Karyabwite yumva ate indepandansi…ubwigenge?” uliya Karyabwite yashimirwa kuvuga icyo atekereza ku byabaye mu gihe u Rwanda rwaharaniraga ubwigenge no guca akarengane muri rubanda. Aliko kandi ibyinshi avuga aravanga ukuli n’ibitari ukuli (demi-veirites).
Aho nemeranwa  nawe ni aho asoza ikiganiro agira ati:” indepandansi ni ukwiyumva mo ko igihugu ari icyawe”… Ni byo koko, aliko imyumvire ntabwo ariyo avuga, ntayihishura. Atangira ikiganiro avuga ko se umubyara yagabiwe gutwara mu Kinyaga (hitwaga teritwari Shangugu icyo gihe). Ni ukuvuga ko akomoka mu bwoko bw’abatutsi, ko mu gihe cy’amashyaka yagiye muri Lunari. Bityo rero uko tuzi imyumvire ya Lunari ku byerekeye igihugu, itekareza ko igihugu ali icyayo, mu gihe yihariye ubutegetsi bwose bwa politiki, u bukungu, imilimo n’uburezi.

Bitabaye ibyo, Karyabwite yadusobanurira ate ukuntu, niba koko Lunari yarashaka ubwigenge bw’abanyarwanda, yabonye u Rwanda rumaze kubona otonomi muli 1960, rusimbuje  ingoma ya cyami intwaro ya Republika muli 1961 yiganje mo abahutu, maze aho kugira ngo bafatanye n’abandi ahubwo bagahitamo iy’ubuhungiro, banga gusa gutegekwa cyangwa gutegekana n’abahutu?
Yadusobanurira ate ibitero by’inyenzi kuva muli 1960 bifashisha abaswayire bo mu Gacurabwenge bayobowe n’uwitwa Numa wayogoje za Musambira ashaka kugera i Kavumu kwa Kayibanda? Yadusobanurira ate intambara y’inkotanyi kuva 1990, zashoje zimaze kubona ko imishyikirano yo gukemura ikibazo cy’impunzi zitwazaga cyali kigiye gukemurwa, maze ahubwo zigahindura imvugo ngo bulya  ikibazo si impunzi, ahubwo ni demokarasi itarangwa mu Rwanda? Si ukubera se  ko inkotanyia zari zimaze kubona ko zitazigera zitegeka zonyine?  N’ibindi n’ibiindi byinshi…

Tugarutse ku kiganiro nyirizina, uko Karyabwite yemeza ibintu cyangwa abibona, biragoretse ibi byavuna ijosi, n’akari kera bigatera iseseme. Reka  mvuge kuli ibi bitatu gusa: 1)Umwami Rudahigwa; 2) Amashyaka ya politiki; 3) Ubwigenge.

1.Umwami Rudahigwa. 

Mutara wa 3 Rudahigwa, amateka nyayo avuga ko yimye ingoma muli 1931 asimbura se Musinga ababiligi bari bamaze gukuraho bakamucira i Kamembe, nyuma akajyanwa Moba ho mili Kongo. Icyo yazize sinakimenya, kuko ntali mpari. Gusa nshingiye ku mateka nize, ntekereza ko Musinga yazize kuba yarafatanyije n’abadage kurwanya ababiligi mu ntambara ya mbere y’isi yose (1914-18). Benshi mwumvise ingabo zitwaga indugaruga, mwumva impoma zo kuli Rubavu hariya ku Gisenyi. Ni iyo ntambara nyine. Ikindi yaba yarazize ni ukuba yari atsimbaraye ku mitegekere ya cyami yicaga igakiza uwo ishatse n’igihe ishakiye nta nkurikizi.

Rudahigwa yaje kubatizwa muli gatolika yitwa Karoli Leo Petero hamwe na nyina, umugabekazi Kankazi wafashe izina lya Radegonda, n’umwamikazi Gicanda yitwa Rozariya Bahise basezerana gikiirisitu.  Ibi byabereye i Kabgayi mu mpera ya za 1940. Nabyirutse nsanga abakirisitu barimo data na mama bumvise iyo misa bakibivuga nk’ibimaze kuba. Nyuma muli 1956, abibwiwe cyangwa abyiboneye, Rudahigwa yasanze hari akarengane k’ubuhake mu gihugu, ahita ategeka ko abatutsi bagabana inka n’abagaragu babo cyane b’abahutu, ubuhake bugashira. Icyo gihe hali mu myiteguro yo guhimbaza isabukuru y’imyaka 25 Rudahigwa yari amaze ku ngoma. 

Muli iyo minsi ya yubile yabereye i Nyanza ( Karyabwite agomba kuba abizi kuko abashefu n’abasushefu bose bari batumiwe), hatangajwe icyiswe “Imbaga y’Inyabutatu Ijyambere” ndetse hasohoka n’imidali  yanditse ayo gambo bavugaga ko ali ishyirahamwe ly’umwami.

Icy’ingenzi navuga kuli Rudahigwa,  kubera kuba naramubonye n’amaso yanjye, ndetse tukanaganira muli rusange, ni uko yari umuntu ukunda urubyiruko akaruhatira kwiga ngo rujijuke. Aho mbihera ni uko kuva muli 1957 niga mu iseminari i Kabgayi (iri ku nzira ijya Kigali}, igihe cyose Rudahigwa yabaga avuye i Kigali cyangwa yaje gusura nyina i Shyogwe, yahagararaga ku Iseminari kuturamutsa no kutuganiriza byo kuduhwiturira amajyambere.

Imurika Mpuza-mahanga lyaberye I Buruseli muli 1958, Rudahigwa yarigiye mo koko aherekejwe na nyina n’intore zitabarika. Bayitaga Exposition Universelle” ntabwo ari exposition modiale nk’uko Karyabwite abivuga.Iliya Atomium ili i Buruseli ni urwibutso rwayo. Nibyo koko kandi Rudahigwa yinyuruje protokole anyarukira mu Budage muli gari ya moshi. Hali amafoto abyerekana. Ababiligi ngo ntibabyishimiye, aliko kandi ntacyo bari kubikora ho. Nyuma agarutse mu Rwanda, umwami Rudahigwa yaje kwiyerekana i Kabgayi n’umulyango we mu birori byabereye ku kibuga cya seminari. Ingoma zaravuze, intore zirahamiriza biracika. Hali haje intore ‘zumwami  ziyobowe n’ikirangirire Butera bwa Nturo, hakaba n’izo kwa nyina i Shyogwe, maze zirema ingamba ebyili zo kurushanwa. Zimwe zaturutse ku izamu ly’ikibuga ibumoso, izindi zituruka iburyo maze zihurira hagati zikubita umugara zivuna sambwe karahava. Narabibonye, nari mpari.

Abantu bakwibaza bati kuki byabereye iKabgayi.  Muli icyo gihe, u Rwanda rwari rufite kapitali ebyili. Kigali y’ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni, na Kabgayi y’ubutegetsi bwa Kiliziya Gatolika bwasaga n’ubukomeye kurusha ubwa leta. Kubera gushwana n’ababiligi, umwami yashatse kwiyereka Musenyeri i Kabgayi bisa no gutanga raporo ko ibintu byagenze neza mu butumwa  bw’igihugu yari avuye mo. Nyuma y’aho gato umugabekazi Kankazi yaje kudusura mu iseminari no kutuganirira ku Bubiligi.Nawe yakundaga abaseminari akabafata nk’abana be, kuburyo ndetse yahoraaga atwoherereza ingumba yo kulya ku minsi mikuru. Icyababaje ni uko Rudahigwa yaje gutanga bisa n’ibitunguranye atageze kubyo yaduhatiraga gukora. Mu bamushyinguye i Mwima na Mushirarungu nari mo, kubera ko ari twe abaseminari twaririmbye misa yo kumuherekeza kuwa kabili kuli 28/7/1959. Imana imuhe iruhuko ridashira.

2.Amashyaka ya Politiki.

Navuga ko byose byatangiye muli 1956 igihe Rudahigwa ashyira ho “imbaga y’inyabutatu ijyambere” yaje guhinduka Lunari. Mu ntangiriro byali nk’ishyirahamwe ligamije gukusanyiriza abanyarwanda bose mu gatebo kamwe, byo kwerekana ko nta karengane muli rubanda, ko ahubwo abaturage bose bunze ubumwe.
Muli icyo gihe ariko mu iseminari i Kabgayi hakundaga guteranira inama-ngarukamwaka y’abahoze mu iseminari nkuru ya Nyakibanda.  Ni uko nabonye bwa mbere Gitera Yozefu n’abandi benshi. Kayibanda we nari nsanzwe muzi kubera kuvukira no kwiga i Kabgayi. Ibyavugirwaga muli ayo manama sinabimenya na busa Gusa icyo nzi ni uko aribwo hatangiye gusohoka muli Kinyamateka inyandiko za Kayibanda zitwaga “Ubutegetsi bwa Demokarasi”.

Nyuma y’imbaga y’inyabutatu ijya mbere, Gitera Yozefu yaje gushinga APROSOMA  muli za 1957 Astrida (Butare y’ubu). Nayo yali ishyirahamwe rigamije kuzamura rubanda rugufi. Lyaje kuba ishyaka nyuma ariko riganzwa na MDR Parmehutu kubera guhuzagurika.
Abahutu bajijutse hirya no hino mu gihugu, aliko cyane baturutse Gitarama na Astrida (Butare) bishyize hamwe basohora inyandiko bise “Manifeste y’abahutu”muli 1957 yasabaga umwami gusaranganya ubutegetsi, ubukungu, imilimo n’amashuli mu bana bose b’igihugu. Nibwo abiyise abagaragu bakuru b’ibwami basaraga. Havutse amashyaka ya politiki nka Lunari yiganje mo intagondwa z’abatutsi, Aprosoma y’abahutu bo muli Butare na MDR yiganje  muli Gitarama, aliko ifite amshami mu Ruhengeri (BICAMUMPAKA)  na Gisenyi (Mpakaniye) . Abatusti  babonaga ko ibintu bigomba guhinduka baremye ishyaka RADERI lya Bwanakweli. Aho Mzee Karyabwite avuga ko Aprosoma yarimo ngo n’abatutsi baciriritse ni ikinyoma cyambaye ubusa. Nta mututsi nigeze numva wigeze aba mu ishyaka ly’abahutu icyo gihe.  Ahubwo hali benshi bahisemo kuryuma ho byo kwiyorobeka ngo barebe iyo ibntu bigana.

Rudahigwa amaze gutanga muli 1959 niho ibintu byakomenye. MDR yahindutse Parmehutu, ishyaka riharanira abahutu, bigamije kureshya abahutu bose ngo baryibone mo ku bwinshi, bazabone uko batsinda andi mashayaka mu matora. Ibyo Karyabwite avuga ngo ni Museneri Perraudin wabwiye Kayibanda ngo nareme ishayka ryitwa Parmehutu, nta kuli kuri mo na busa.Ese ahubwo Karyabwite yaba azi ko inama za MDR abarwanashyaka bazikoraga nijoro ku itara lya peteroli mu ishyamba lya seminari? Niba se Perraudin yari abiri mo, kuki atabahaga icyumba muli eveshe? Ese ubundi azi uko Kabgayi isa, uko ingana, uko iteye?

Jye bariya bagabo bombi ndabazi navuga ndtse ku buryo buhagije. Kayibanda muzikuva 1953  nkiri rubyogo niga mu wa gatatu wa primeri. Twaganiriye byinshi imbona-nkubone nyuma amaze kuba Perezida, jye ndi mu cyiciro cya kabili cya seminari i Kansi. Muzi ho kuba umunyabwenge, ufite ibitekerezo, wubaha ariko wigenga. Musenyeri Perraudin muzi kuva yaba Musenyeri  wa Kabgayi muli 1955. Misa yo kumuha ubwepiskopi nali nyirimo ndi umuhereza. Niwe wankomeje muli uwo mwaka. Niwe wanyohereje kwiga mu iseminari nto n’inkuru mu Nyakibanda. Twarabanye, twarasangiye ku meza, dusabana ku buryo bwose. Ewe maze no kuva mu Nyakibanda twakomje kugenderana kugeza ejobundi asubiye iwabo mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru.

Ibyo Mzee avuga rero ni amabwire, bya bindi abalunari bakomeje kumuvuga bamuziza ko yabaye uwambere mu kubwira  ubutegetsi bwa cyami ko igihugu kidasangiwe n’abana bacyo nta gihugu kirimo. Bati nguwo umutware w’abanzi bigihugu bashaka kwica umwami Kigeri. Mumuhigire kubura hasi no kubura hejuru. Ibi tubisanga muli lya itangazo ly’abiyise abagaragu bakuru b’i bwami lyasohotse Rudahigwa amaze gushyingurwa. Na n’ubu Musenyeri Perraudin yisangiye Rurema abalunari baracyahiga umuzimu we. Mu by’ukuri se koko, ibya Kayibanda na Perraudin Karyabwite abizi  ate ko atabihagaze ho, ndetse bishoboke ko na bariya bantu atabazi?

3.Indepandansi – Ubwigenge. 

Nibyo koko muli za 1956-57 hali umuyaga w’ubwigenge mu bihugu byari bikolonijwe n’amahanga yizo za Burayi. Cyane byali bikaze muli Ghana ya Kwame Nkrumah, muli Kongo-Brazzaville ya Padiri Filiberi Yulu, muli Aljeriya hali intambara yo kwibohoza, muli Tuniziya kwa Habib Burgiba na Misiri ya Naseri. Muli Kongo y’abaturanyi byaje nka serwakira igihe cya Lumumba. I Burundi ho nta n’inzozi zo kwigenga bigeze, no kubugera ho babikesha u Rwanda. Ibya Tanzaniya na Uganda  byo ni iby’ejo bundi.

Mzee ati Lunari yonyine niyo yasabaga ubwigenge n’aho amashyaka y’abahutu yisabiraga otonomi y’imyaka 30! Iliya myaka yo sinzi aho yayivanye. Nibyo koko, Lunari yashakaga ubwigenge bwa huti-huti igamije kuzihererana abahutu ikabasubiza ku ngoyi ya gihake abazungu bamaze gutaha.Ndifuza kumumenyesha ko muli bwa bwenge n’ubushishozi bwa Kayibanda, impirimbanyi za demokarasi zahisemo kubanza kwikiza ingoma ya cyami mbere yo gusaba ubwigenge bwabviramo gusubira ku ngoyi.  Bitabaye kwirengagiza koko, ubu mzee Karyabwite abona ubwigenge bumariye iki abenegihugu mu Rwanda rwa FPR-inkotanyi?

Mu kugera ku bwigenge rero, ijisho lya rubanda ryabanje kwikiza kalinga n’ibyayo byose, zishyira ho Repubulika n’amategeko agenga ubutegetsi bwa demokarasi. Ibyo Karyabwite avuga ngo ababiligi bayobowe na Paul Heny Spaak nibo boheje abahutu  babashyira mu ivalisi bajyana mu mulyango w’abibumbye ngo nabo basabe indepandansi, ndabona ari ugupfundikanya no gupapira. Mbere na mbere, intumwa mu nama yo gusaba ubwigenge zayobowe na Kayibanda ibera muli Hotel de Ville mu mujyi wa Anverisi mu Bubiligi. Ikindi, uliya  Spaak Karyabwite avuga, siwe wari ministiri wa za koloni, ahubwo ndumva yali uwitwa Vinyi (Vigny). Naho Spaak yari miniisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga, ali nayo mpamvu igihe cyo gusuzuma iby’ubwigenge bw’u Randa,Loni yamutumiye ngo aze asobanure uko abyumva. Nibutse, cyangwa mbwire abatabizi ko icyo gihe Loni yo yashakaga gufatanya u Rwanda ‘u Burundi ngo bibe igihugu kimwe cyigenga. Nibwo Spaak uriya ahagurutse atangariza Loni imibare ishekeje cyane  ati:
“PAUVRETE PLUS PAUVRETE EGALE PAUVRETE AU CARRE!” Alibyo kuvuga ngo gufatanya ibihugu bibili bikennye cyane (nk’u Rwanda n’uBurundi) ni ukubikenesha kabili. Ndibuka rwose iyo mvugo kukoicyo  turi abaseminari twajyaga tuyisubira mo no kwishongora cyane, dutangarira iyo mibare ya minisitiri muzima, n’ubwo twumvaga ko atari imibare nyamibare, ahubwo yari imvugo ya dipolomasi.  Mu gihe cyo guha u Rwanda ubwigenge, u Burundi nabwo bwaboneye ho ngo budasigara inyuma kandi ku rupapuro hali handitse RUANDA-URUNDI. Nguko uko ibihugu byacu byombi byigenze ku munsi umwe wa 01/07/1962.

Ndasanga rero ibyinshi muli ibi mzee Karyabwite avuga ari amabwire, ntabyo yahagaze ho. Kandi rero ni mu gihe. Nonese ko byose byakorewe  mu Marangara, i Nyanze n’i Butare (Astrida), Karyabwite yigeze ahakandagiza ikirenge muli icyo gihe (etre sur le theatre des operations / to be at scene of events/eye witness). Politiki yose yakiniwe iyo kure y’aho yari ari mu Kinyaga, cyangwa se ari no mu buhungiro nyuma ya 1959. Simpamya ko kuba Karyabwite yari umwana w’umutware byaba byaramuhuje na bariya bose kuva ku mwami n’umulyango we kugeza kuli ba Kayibanda na Musenyeri Perraudin. Iyo byibura aza kuba yarigaga mu ri turiya duce ho umuntu yagenekereza. Aliko kandi si mu iseminari, kuko abanyakinyaga twiganye ntarimo. Azabaze ba Shyirakera, Rwakareke, Ruberizesa, Gashugi, Ngirincuti, Gashabizi n’abandi ntarondoye bahiigaga icyo gihe. Ibi byose ndabimubwira kugira ngo yumve koko ko  ibyo mvuga nabihagaze ho.

Muti ese wowe ubwigenge ububona ute ? Ubwigenge ni ukugira igihugu kiyobowe neza n’ubutegetsi bugendera ku mahame ya demokarasi, mu mucyo (transparency)  nta buryamirane ubwo alibwo bwose mu benegihugu, haba muli politiki n’ubutabera,  mu  bukungu, mu burezi no mu buzima bwa buli munsi. Abategetsi bakitorerwa n’abenegihugu hakurikijwe ubushobozi (meritocracy). Umutegetsi witwaye nabi akabihanirwa (accountability). Hano mu Rwanda bizagerwa ho ari uko rubanda yemeye kwicarana ikinegura ibwizanya ukuli nta kubindikiranya Aliko kandi biraracyagoranye  mu gihe bamwe bagifite imyumvire nk’iya Lunari muli za 1959-60, idashaka gukura no gushyira mu gaciro(honest common sense).
Ngibyo, nguko.

A.Ngendahimana, Kabgayi.